Action for Children and Youth Aotearoa (2003) Children and Youth in Aotearoa 2003 : The Second Non-Governmental Organisations’ Report from Aotearoa New Zealand to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child , Action for Children and Youth Aotearoa, Wellington.
Bandura, A. (1969) Principles of Behaviour Modification, Holt, Reinhart & Winston , New York .
Baumrind, D., R.E. Larzelere and P.A. Cowan (2002) “Ordinary physical punishment: Is it harmful? Comment on Gershoff (2002)” Psychological Bulletin, 128(4):580–589.
Cherian, V.I. (1994) “Self-reports of corporal punishment by Xhosa children from broken and intact families and their academic achievement” Psychological Reports, 74(3):867–874.
Coyl, D.D., L.A. Roggman and L.A. Newland (2002) “Stress, maternal depression, and negative mother–infant interactions in relation to infant attachment” Infant Mental Health Journal, 23(1–2):145–163.
Deater-Deckard, K. and K.A. Dodge (1997) “Externalising behavior problems and discipline revisited: Nonlinear effects and variation by culture, context and gender” Psychological Inquiry, 8(3):161–175.
Gershoff, E.T. (2002a) “Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review” Psychological Bulletin, 128(4):539–579.
Gershoff, E.T. (2002b) “Corporal punishment, physical abuse, and the burden of proof: Reply to Baumrind, Larzelere, and Cowan (2002), Holden (2002), and Parke (2002)” Psychological Bulletin, 128(4):602–611.
Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2004) “The effect of corporal punishment on antisocial behavior in children” Social Work Research, 28(3):153–164.
Grusec, J.E. and J.J. Goodnow (1994) “Impact of parental discipline methods on the child’s internalization of values: A reconceptualization of current points of view” Developmental Psychology, 30(1):4–19.
Heaven, P.C.L. and M. Goldstein (2001) “Parental influences and mental health among some Australian youth: Crosscultural analysis” Australian Journal of Psychology, 53(3):170–175.
Holden, G.W. (2002) “Perspectives on the effects of corporal punishment: Comment on Gershoff (2002)” Psychological Bulletin, 128(4):590–595.
Horn, I.B., J.G. Joseph and T.L. Cheng (2004) “Nonabusive physical punishment and child behaviour among African-American Children” Journal of the National Medical Association, 96 (9):1162–1168.
Jester, J.M., M. Muzik, R. Berube, S. Narnag, B. Tuttle and J. Jacobson (1999) “ How do maternal reasoning and physical punishment contribute to development of verbal competence and behavior problems?” presented at the Society for Research in Child Development Biennial meeting, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Kelley, M.L. and H.M. Tseng (1992) “Cultural differences in child rearing: A comparison of immigrant Chinese and Caucasian American mothers” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 23(4):444–455.
Kerr , D.C. , N.L. Lopez, S.L. Olson and A.J. Sameroff (2004) “Parental discipline and externalizing behavior problems in early childhood: The roles of moral regulation and child gender” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32(4):369–383.
Kochanska, G., K.C. Coy and K.T. Murray (2001) “The development of self-regulation in the first four years of life” Child Development, 72(4):1091–1111.
Laible, D.J. and R.A. Thompson (2000) “Mother–child discourse, attachment security, shared positive” Child Development, 71(5):1424–1440.
Lansford, J.E., K.A. Dodge, P.S. Malone, D. Bacchini, A. Zelli, N. Chaudhary, B. Manke, L. Change, P. Oburu, K. Palmerus, C. Pastorelli, A. Bombi, S. Tapanya, K. Deater-Deckard and N. Quinn (2005) “Physical discipline and children’s adjustment: Cultural normativeness as a moderator” Child Development, 76(6):1234–1246.
Larzelere, R.E. (2000) “Child outcomes of nonabusive and customary physical punishment by parents: An updated literature review” Clinical Child & Family Psychology Review, 3(4):199–221.
Larzelere, R.E. and B.R. Kuhn (2005) “Comparing child outcomes of physical punishment and alternative disciplinary tactics: A meta-analysis” Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 8(1):135–148.
Marshall, K. (2005) “Chapter 4: Cultural issues” in A.B. Smith (in press) Effective Discipline and Supporting Change, and in A.B. Smith, M. Gollop, N. Taylor and K. Marshall (eds.) The Discipline and Guidance of Children: Messages from Research: A Review of Research Literature for the Office of the Children’s Commissioner by the Children’s Issues Centre, Children’s Issues Centre and Office of the Children’s Commissioner, Dunedin and Wellington (pp.53–78).
Russell, M. (1996) The Discipline of Children: Alternatives to Smacking, Master’s Thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington.
Schaffer, H.R. (1992) “Joint involvement episodes as context for development” in H. McGurk (ed.) Childhood Social Development: Contemporary Perspectives, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hove (pp.99–129).
Shumow, L., D.L. Vandell and J.K. Posner (1998) “Harsh, firm, and permissive parenting in low-income families: Relations to children’s academic achievement and behavioral adjustment” Journal of Family Issues, 19(5):483–507.
Simons, R.L., C.I. Wu, K.H. Lin, L. Gordon and R.D. Conger (2000) “A cross-cultural examination of the link between corporal punishment and adolescent antisocial behavior” Criminology, 38(1):47–79.
Smith, A.B., M. Gollop, N.J. Taylor and K. Marshall (2004) The Discipline and Guidance of Children: A Summary of Research, Children’s Issues Centre and Office of the Children’s Commissioner, Dunedin and Wellington.
Smith, A.B. (2005) “The effects of physical punishment” in A.B. Smith (in press) Effective Discipline and Supporting Change, and in A.B. Smith, M. Gollop, N. Taylor and K. Marshall (eds.) The Discipline and Guidance of Children: Messages from Research: A Review of Research Literature for the Office of the Children’s Commissioner by the Children’s Issues Centre, Children’s Issues Centre and Office of the Children’s Commissioner, Dunedin and Wellington (pp.7–16).
Smith, A.B., M. Gollop, N.J. Taylor and K. Marshall (2005) The Discipline and Guidance of Children: Messages from Research , Children’s Issues Centre and Office of the Children’s Commissioner, Dunedin and Wellington.
Smith, J.R., and J. Brooks-Gunn (1997) “Correlates and consequences of harsh discipline for young children” Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 151(8):777–786.
Solomon, C.R. and F. Serres (1999) “Effects of parental verbal aggression on children’s self-esteem and school marks” Child Abuse & Neglect , 23(4):339–351.
Straus, M.A. (1999) “Is it time to ban corporal punishment of children?” Canadian Medical Association Journal, 161(7):821–822.
Straus, M.A. (2001) “New evidence for the benefits of never smacking” Society, 83(6):52–60.
Straus, M. and M.J. Paschall (2003) Corporal Punishment by Mothers and Child’s Cognitive Development: A Longitudinal Study. [accessed 4/9/2003 ]
Straus, M.A. and J.H. Stewart (1999) “Corporal punishment by American parents: National data on prevalence, chronicity, severity, and duration, in relation to child and family characteristics” Clinical Child & Family Psychology Review, 2(2):55–70.
Vygotsky, L.S. (1978) Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes, Harvard University Press, Cambridge , Massachusetts.
Wissow, L.S. (2002) “Child discipline in the first three years of life” in N. Halfon, K.T. McLearn and M.A. Schuster (eds.) Child Rearing in America: Challenges Facing Parents with Young Children, Cambridge University Press, New York (pp.146–177).